Canary Islands Sinking Into The Ocean
October 11, 2011
Many months ago, the island of El Hierro began shaking with the onset of thousands of earthquakes, and has not stopped since.
My interest in the geophysical Earth inspired me to write a ‘what-if’, or ‘worst case scenario’ of the island region causing a massive tsunami sweeping across the Atlantic, given the region’s ancient history, “300 Foot Tsunami and East Coast Destruction“. Although the prospect of such a tsunami may be a bit overly dramatic, nonetheless it appears that something is happening under the sea in the El Hierro region.
A look at the GPS stations there, reveals quite evidently that most of them (6 of 10) in the area are literally sinking, and have been doing so since about July of this year. My own observations of other volcanic regions have shown that there is often ‘inflation’ or rising of the land mass prior to volcanic eruption. In this case though, there is rather dramatic deflation to the northeast of El Hierro, particularly ‘Canarias’. The region is sinking…
…Ok, OK, it has ‘only’ been about 40 mm and the title of this article is a bit dramatic, but it’s an interesting observation nonetheless to see so many stations showing that much deflation.
In stark contrast though at El Hierro, today, from VolcanoLive.com (John Seach), “An undersea eruption began off the coast of El Hierro Island, Canary Islands on 10th October 2011. Initial reports have placed the eruption site a few kilometres off the south coast of the island at a depth of about 450 m. The eruption has only been confirmed from seismic activity.”
The GPS at El Hierro is apparently showing inflation.
…very interesting
Update:
Photos of undersea eruption
More El Hierro updates and information here
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Katla Volcano EarthQuakes – Flooding – Sulfur Smell
July 17, 2011
The Katla volcano in Iceland is making itself known once again. Been following this one for a while. It has a nasty history of blowing its top between 6 months and 1.5 years after it’s volcanic sister neighbor, Eyjafjallojokull, which erupted back during April 2010.
A geologist ‘insider’ tells me that harmonic tremors have started in Katla again. As of today there have been 2 earthquake swarms, making that 3 since June.
In addition, and more immediately tangible, the Myrdalsjokull glacier flood has just been reported (Katla is underneath this glacier). Last time this type of event did happen was in the year 1955, when a minor eruption is believed to have taken place under the glacier. There is no immediate proof that this is the case right now. This might just be hydrothermal water being released because of increased activity in hydrothermal areas that are in the glacier.
Following the flood there is a strong smell of sulfur and there might be dangerous gases in it. At the current time the flood appears to be growing and according to the news the bridge was still safe. But there was just 1 meter from the river up to the floor of the bridge.
Stay tuned, as this one ‘could’ disrupt Europe for awhile if she blows.
Update: July 9
The bridge over Múlakvísk river is gone, they are now evacuating Áftaver due to second flood. It is now very dangerous to be close to Múlakvísl due to poisons gases and risk of the flood increasing without any warning. A third glacier flood has now also started in Skálmu, but that is also a glacier river that flows from Mýrdalsjökull glacier. This does not seems to be just hydrothermal areas emptying. This could be a repeat of the 1955, 1999 floods when there were very minor eruptions.
We do not know what the events are leading to an eruption but historical records show this event has been a precursor to an eruption in the past, hence its folklore. A 2.2m quake has just happened in the caldera at 1.1km. Harmonic tremors are decreasing again but have been ongoing during the last 10 hours. GPS data shows inflation and deflation, very interesting.
Update: July 9
Harmonic tremors stopping again but has been on and off all the time. Reports coming in that sulfur is still very strong and is very dangerous to persons and livestock.
Quakes have ceased,for now, also a decrease in the harmonic tremors. Three cauldrons have formed in Mýrdalsjökull glacier and large cracks have formed around them. The Múlakvísl flood came from underneath the glacial tongue Höfdabrekkujökull. The glacial ice is considerably cracked where the flood emerged. Glacial ice is stranded in a large area which indicates that the flood is coming to an end.
While there are NO indications that a major volcanic eruption has started, or even about to in Katla, it cannot be ruled out that a minor eruption could have happened last night.
Icelandic TV Video of Myrdalsjokull-Katla Flood
Update: July 9
Harmonic tremors have just started again along with 7 more quakes.
3rd quake storm (today) now ongoing. Harmonic tremors now rising again.
Update, July 11
Action has subsided. Here are photos of the damage at the Myrdalsjokull glacier with Katla underneath.
Update, July 18
Katla has belted off a storm of what appears to be dozens of earthquakes today, within minutes, with one nearly a magnitude 4. This volcano, which has always erupted between 6 months and 1.5 years after Eyjafjallajokull (it’s neighbor), is ripe within the window of eruption based on its known history. Something is happening beneath the glacier today.
Also, a very interesting area of 3 quakes developed around the same time to the south of Katla, along the coast of Iceland. No known volcano is there either. Interesting…
Update, July 20
4 NEW cauldrons have appeared on the Mýrdalsjökull glacier and the cauldrons that formed on the 8 and 9th July have also deepened. This is due to magma pushing closer to the surface and heating the crust.This then melts the glacier ice and the water seeps into the rock creating a hydrothermal vent that increases the melt and forms a cauldron ( depression in the ice). This will increase the likely hood of another glacier flood to the south east of the Mýrdalsjökull glacier.
This does NOT mean it is about to erupt but the increase of such activity can only mean an eruption event is likely in the near future. On the 17th of July a earthquake storm happened with the largest quake being 3.8 magnitude. If Katla was bursting to erupt this could have triggered a larger quake storm and an eruption.
The next 6 weeks could be very interesting indeed.
Update, July 21
From our geological expert:
There appears to be 3 areas of activity. Inside the caldera itself, Goðabunga to the west we know is a hydrothermal vent, but to the south is something new. We noticed it starting 3 weeks ago and seems to be increasing in magnitude and frequency. Now this could be an extension of the East Fracture Zone growing due to Katla inflation of a weak spot in the crust that could develop into another hydrothermal vent, or even allow magma to breach the surface. Worth watching anyway.
Hydrothermal activity inside the caldera continues and the occasional spill (minor flooding) has occurred but this is what we would expect. Inflation is now evident to the east and south east but not rapid. Harmonic tremors have stopped again but they are small and infrequent at present. I MUST stress that this time of year the amount of earthquakes DOES increase, on the ice shelves, as the ice melts. That said Katla has not been this active probably since its last eruption in 1918.
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Iceland’s Katla Volcano Activity since Eyjafjallajokull Eruption
June 17, 2011
Given the very recent earthquake activity at Iceland’s Katla Volcano during June 17,2011, activity which looks like it has to do with magma movement, you may be interested in the following list of articles that I’ve written since April 2010 when it’s immediate neighbor, Eyjafjallajokull, erupted and interrupted European air traffic and commerce for a time.
My interest in volcanoes (among many other things) led me to quickly discover that Katla has always historically erupted between 6 months and 1.5 years after Eyjafjallokull. The thing is, Katla has the potential to be 10 times as powerful as Eyja… and is now well within the historical window of eruption.
A sudden onset of an earthquake swarm, as well as tremors with signatures of magma movement, has led many to suspect that Katla may now be at higher risk of an eruption soon. Sometimes these signals vanish as quickly as they come, and there is no way of knowing for certain what will happen next. We are watching this monster though…
Update from someone ‘in the know’ on this subject:
Since Friday there has been constant harmonic tremors from Katla. The quakes on Friday were Tectonic in nature but the underlying cause was probably due to magmatic pressure as harmonic tremors can only mean magma movement.
His general opinion:
Katla is not ready to erupt, but given that the exact nature of an eruption is not known, you have to reason that any quake storm could trigger an eruption.
Why the MSM silence on the matter?
The main reason for silence is that the wrong comment could cause major financial crash of stocks if the mention of a local or global disaster is mentioned.
Link to current quakes at Katla
From oldest to newest since April 2010:
Will Iceland’s Katla Volcano Blow Next?
Uh-oh! Katla Volcano Just Rumbled
Katla Volcano Update, 21-May-2010
Katla Volcano – 3 Earthquakes in Seconds
Katla Volcano 10x or 100x Eyjafjallajokull
Katla Volcano Caldera Earthquakes
Katla Eruption History
Katla Volcano Questions and Answers
If Katla’s West Side Erupts…
Are Recent Katla Volcano Earthquakes Seasonal?
Katla Volcano Caldera Earthquakes 2010-Sep
Iceland’s Katla Volcano – 6 months later
Sudden Activity at Katla Volcano
Mysterious Quake Circle on Katla Volcano
Sulfur Smell at Katla
Katla Volcano To Topple Eurozone?
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Something Strange With Volcano Eruption in Chile
June 4, 2011
What appears to be an enormous ash cloud rising from the eruption of a long dormant volcano named Puyehuein southern Chile on June 4, 2011, isn’t quite matching up with the location of the recorded earthquakes today in the immediate area.
“The Cordon Caulle (volcanic range) has entered an eruptive process, with an explosion resulting in a 10-kilometer-high gas column,” Chilean state emergency office said.
The thing is, for some unknown reason, as of this writing, eight earthquakes near magnitude 5 have shook the earth near the Puyehue volcano. The problem is, the earthquakes are located 20 to 40 miles away from the eruption! Very Strange Indeed. (Strange because one would think that the earthquakes associated with a given erupting volcano would be very close to the volcano itself. Instead, these strong quakes are apparently tectonic.)
There’s something brewing or interacting quite a distance from the eruption, but is quite obviously directly related. We’re talking about enormous energies here.
In addition, apparently the volcano itself has not erupted from it’s old caldera. Instead, it has ripped a huge gash into the surface of the earth 6 miles long by 3 miles wide, 2.5 miles away! Amazing.
Thousands of people are being evacuated from the area, which is located about 60 miles northwest of San Carlos. The region was deeply shaken by a pair of very strong earthquakes during 2010, a magnitude 7.1 and a very large magnitude 8.8 quake, all located along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Chile’s chain of about 2,000 volcanoes is the world’s second largest after Indonesia. Some 50 to 60 are on record as having erupted, and 500 are potentially active.
Video of Puyehue Volcano Eruption
credit: guardian.co.uk
credit: guardian.co.uk
The ash plume has now reached Argentina.
The eruption apparently extends to the Caulle Mountain Range, an adjacent volcanic fissure.
credit: NASA’s Aqua Satellite
Currently, Puyehue has an eruption rating of VEI-3 (Volcanic Explosivity Index). The last time that this volcano blew it’s top with a VEI-3 was during 1929, when it erupted for 3 months between December and February. How coincidental is it that it occurred during the ‘Great Depression’. Did you know that home values now during 2011 have dropped lower than during the Great Depression (about 31%), but we’re supposedly not in a depression? But I digress…
Lightning and Ash Plume of Puyehue eruption, Chile
Infrared Satellite Loop of Puyehue Volcano Ash Plume
NASA visible color satellite image of Puyehue Volcano Plume
Ash cloud reaches Buenos Aires city at 5,000 metres height; all flights cancelled
Merco Press: Local airlines confirmed cancelled all flights until further notice at the international airport of Ezeiza and at the domestic-flights metropolitan Aeroparque. International airlines Delta, American, GOL, TAM and United Airlines suspended their services for Tuesday and Wednesday to Atlanta, Miami, Santiago de Chile, Río de Janeiro and San Francisco, respectively.
Regarding the earthquakes that had strangely occurred 20 to 40 miles away from Puyehue with the eruption, no further quakes in that particular region since then. Will keep watching…
The Nilhue River is steaming hot, nearby the Puyehue Volcano.
Update, 11-June-2011
Last night, strong winds had carried the main part of the ash cloud towards New Zealand. “We are expecting all of New Zealand to be covered by that cloud” said Andrew Tupper, head of the Bureau of Meteorology’s Volcanic Ash Advisory Center in Darwin.
“The cloud should progress along the length of the South Island, and over the North Island.” Ash from the Puyehue volcano in southern Chile forced airlines in South America to curtail flights last week and Qantas last night said it had cancelled flights to and from New Zealand’s South Island and one flight from Hobart to Melbourne.
Update, 12-June-2011
From Professor Richard Arculus, a professor of Geology at the research school of earth sciences at the Australian National University, regarding the ash cloud, “Certainly if you look at the Bureau of Meteorology volcanic advisory centers alert, you can see the ash coming. It has come all the way around the Atlantic and across the Southern Ocean, Indian Ocean and is almost going to do a loop on itself.”
As many as 30,000 passengers were left stranded overnight when the ash cloud from a Chilean volcano moved into Australian airspace.
The ash cloud was drifting east at 50 knots, at an altitude between 20,000 feet and 35,000 feet, an altitude where passenger jets typically fly.
The cloud stretched in a broad patch south of the width of Australia, covering southern Victoria and the Tasman Sea towards New Zealand, according to the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center in Darwin.
Airlines won’t fly planes through volcanic ash clouds as the fine soot particles can clog aircraft engines, a significant risk to aircraft and passenger safety.
Image of Puyehue Volcano Fissure Eruption from airplane
24-June-2011
Chile Volcano Still Erupting
Puyehue Volcano Plume (Chile), Terra Satellite Image
Climate Cooling Possible Following Chilean Volcano Eruption
If sulphur dioxide(SO2) in the plumes mixed with water it could cause some climate cooling in the next two months. “It is like putting a curtain around the hemisphere, which reflects the sunlight, and cools the air [below the ash].”
Why post about volcanic eruptions like this one on a ‘survival’ site?
Answer: To illustrate how we become complacent. This volcano has been inactive for decades, and then suddenly, ka-boom. We must realize that we are just tiny specs of life living on top of a thin crust of shifting solid earth, and at the mercy of mother nature. It’s always stunning to observe the power that lies beneath our feet.
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Powerful Eruption at Iceland’s Grimsvotn
May 22, 2011
Ash could begin to reach parts of Scotland as early as Tuesday followed by Britain, France, and Spain while a powerful Icelandic volcano named Grimsfjall (also known as Grimsvotn) continues to erupt there at the Vatnajökull ice cap (Europe’s largest glacier).
One insider said, “There was no warning at all…approximately 20 minutes from first quake to eruption,” “First estimations show this is 10x larger than the 2004 eruption.” There were some expectations that the next eruption at Grimsfjall/Grimsvotn would be stronger, due to increased bulging inflation in the area, but the powerful explosion and ash plume reaching as high as 25 km, caught many out.
A curious observation followed the initial quake swarm and eruption – Once the magma reaches the surface, the quakes typically stop. With Grimsfjall/Grimsvotn, another earthquake swarm persisted to the east. There is also renewed earthquake activity to the south, at the Katla volcano region, which itself is a time-bomb waiting to unleash its fury.
Locally, the immediate threat is ash-fall, which this time is of a heavy consistency. Threats of glacial water flooding persist due to the intense volcanic heat melting the ice.
Further away, European air traffic control are working with Meteorology Offices to determine the path of the ash cloud and the impact it may have on European air traffic this week. One year ago, much of European air traffic was shut down for 6 days from another Icelandic volcano that blew its top (Eyjafjallajokull), leaving countless stranded travelers and a dent in the economy.
Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson, Professor of Geophysics at the University of Iceland, said “We see some signs that the power is declining a bit, but it is still quite powerful,” and also said that the eruption was the most violent at the volcano since 1873.
The potential disruption during the upcoming week will depend on the atmospheric wind patterns, and the ongoing strength of the eruption itself.
Spectacular Image of Grimsfjall – Grimsvotn Eruption, Ash Plume
Update: 23-May-2011
Icelandic Meteorological Office and Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland
Eruption Plume Height (a.s.l.): The ash plume reached heights of 8 to 10 km last night and this morning. In the last hours, the plume has reached heights of 5 to 9 km, but northerly winds have been very strong which can effect the height.
Eruption Plume Heading: Most of the ash cloud heads to the south. At altitudes of 8 km and higher, part of the plume heads to the west.
Eruption Plume Colour: Brown- or grayish and sometimes black close to the eruption site.
Tephra fallout: The amount of fallout is great from Vík in the west to the east of Öræfajökull. The amount of ash fall is the greatest close to the village Kirkjubæjarklaustur. Ash has been detected in several areas throughout the country, except in the northwest. A sample from Kirkjubæjarklaustur has been analyzed, which was taken around 1h on 22 May. The grains are glassy with micro crystals of plagioclase. Samples well sorted. Whole rock analysis: Basalt, with 50-51 Wt% SiO2 Leachate results: 5-10 mg/kg of waterdissolvable flour Grain size distribution: about 10% of the volume of the analyzed samples is finer than 10 micrometers Lightning: From 17-18h yesterday, about 300 lightning strikes were detected but much less thereafter. The strikes were most frequent south of Grímsvötn.
Noise: No noise from the volcano has been reported.
Meltwater: No changes in water level have been recorded in the rivers Gígja and Núpsvötn. Since the eruption is practically at the same site inside the Grímsvötn caldera as the last eruption, ice-melt is not expected to be great and therefore swelling of rivers in the next few days is not
expected. Conditions at eruption site: The eruption site is in the southwest corner of the Grímsvötn caldera, in the same site as the 2004 eruption. The basaltic magma is fragmented into tephra in violent magma-water interaction. Very powerful explosions occur at the eruption site.
Seismic tremor: Seismic tremor at the Grímsfjall station was fairly stable last night. After midnight andtoday, the tremor levels have been fluctuating and decreasing slightly.
Earthquakes: No earthquakes have been recorded in the volcano since yesterday afternoon.
GPS deformation: Rapid deformation was detected at the CGPS station Grimsvotn (GFUM) in the first hours of the eruption. GFUM is located 5 km east of the eruption site. In the first four hours the site moved ~ 20 cm in the north direction, 15 cm towards west and subsided 10 cm. The deformation rate has since slowed down, with the total displacement in the first two days of the eruption about 50 cm to the northwest, with 25 cm subsidence. These displacements are ~60% larger than comparable measurements made after the 1998 and 2004 eruptions of Grímsvötn.
Overall assessment: The eruption has abated slightly since yesterday. No effusion of lava has been observed.
Stunning Video of Grimsvotn Eruption put to music
Credit: Jon Gustafsson
Music: Veigar Margeirsson
Pilot: Reynir Petursson
Helicopter Service of Iceland
Update: 24-May-2011
First statistics show that in the first 3 days of the Grímsvötn eruption, output had already surpassed the total output of Eyjafjallajokull (VEI 4). Eyes are currently on Katla (Godabunga – west side) where there is some activity, however this may not be related to the new activity of Grimsvotn. We’ll see.
Update: 25-May-2011
Yesterday evening there was still active explosivity in Grímsvötn. The activity is in three to four tephra cones surrounded by meltwater. The activity is pulsating with explosions producing ash clouds that rise up from the craters, some reaching a few km. The eruption plume is not continuous and all the material falls out nearby.
Today:
Eruption has stopped for now but unlikely to be over. Many things going on in and adjacent to the eruption site that leads to the conclusion that it’s not over yet.
Update: 26-May-2011
“Tremor plots show activity as if an eruption is still ongoing. What this means area is still very active but also could be due to deflation and hydrothermal activity.”
Update: 28-May-2011
Activity is very minimal at the moment and tremor plot has dropped. This could mean it’s over.
See Grimsvotn Volcano web cam for live info http://live.mila.is/grimsvotn2/
If you have wondered why is it called Grímsfjall and Grimsvotn. Grímsfjall is the main volcano and is under the ice sheet. The fjall means mountain and votn means lake.
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Major Quake Swarm, Krisuvik Volcano, Iceland
February 27, 2011
Credit: base image – Icelandic Met Office, overlay – MSB
Modern Survival for local Icelanders may be presented some challenges in the days ahead IF the trembling Krisuvik volcano decides to erupt.
A sudden and major earthquake swarm has struck on the Reykjanes peninsula at the southwest of Iceland and has unleashed more than 400 earthquakes as of this time. (Update, now over 800 at the end of the day)
The earthquake frequencies (Hz) have varied, as well as the depths and magnitudes, and their underlying cause is believed to be both magmatic and tectonic. During the past year the GPS monitoring station at the Krisuvik volcano has slowly been bulging higher, approximately 15 to 20 mm.
Krisuvik hasn’t erupted since 1340 and is believed to be of the variety of volcano that would erupt similar to that of Hawaii (Lava flow). This type of eruption would not hinder air traffic (good news for Europe).
However there is some concern, because if enough water is added to the eruptive mix, it would make the eruption and ‘explosive’ type of eruption. There is water nearby, and a 4 x 2 km lake situated a few km from the volcano itself.
No ‘official’ warnings have been given, and it is possible that this major activity will subside. At the same time though, the activity could go on and lead to an eruption. It is an amazing thing to watch these forces at work.
More than 200,000 people live within 25 km of the Krisuvik volcano.
Update, Krisuvik earthquake swarm sequence (27-Feb)
Found the following Krisuvik region earthquake map at the Icelandic Met Office. An image showing previous earthquakes (black) and the new earthquakes from today’s swarm (red). It looks like today’s swarm depth is closer to the surface than most of the previous earthquakes.
Svartir hringir tákna skjálfta fram til 26. febrúar en rauðir þann 27. febrúar.
Black rings represent the tremor to 26 red on February 27th February.
Credit: Icelandic Met Office page with image link
Update, September, 2011
From an insider:
Yet another quake storm from Krisuvik Volcano. This area has been very very active the last year and I do expect an eruption to take place at some stage. It is very important to understand that it sits on the MAR and 85% of quakes are tectonic in nature. I do not expect it to be a large eruption (Hawaiian) unless it enters Kleifarvatn lake. At present there is a cluster of quakes to the West and North West of the lake.
Update, September, 2011 (nearby, but not Krisuvik)
From insider:
Massive quakes (400+) due to pumping cold water into the bedrock near Hengil. This is expected to continue and I fear larger mag quakes to follow. I am not a fan of this technology. Yes its clean energy but my gut says there will be a price to pay for it one day. Hope I am 100% wrong but you are tapping into an energy source that far exceeds any capacity to control it on a worst case scenario. Just look how wide spread the effects have been and then take into account the MAR and numerous other fracture zones that all store seismic energy.
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Kirishima Volcano Violently Erupts in Japan
January 26, 2011
credit: fnn-news.com
credit: 373news.com
The Kirishima Volcano, located in Japan, erupted violently this morning hurling rock bombs and plumes of ash up into the atmosphere. Frequent small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded since the 8th century.
The volcano is located in southern Japan, along the pacific ring of fire, and is uniquely situated directly above a tectonic plate boundary.
Kirishima has erupted 9 times during the past 100 years, 2 of which were classified as VEI-2 eruptions (Volcanic Explosivity Index). The last VEI-2 eruption was during 1959 when it pumped 3.2 million cubic meters of ‘tephra’ up onto the planet surface and into sky. Time will tell how this new eruption will be classified.
Volcanic Ash in the atmosphere will severely damage jet engines, and can cause global temperatures to decrease depending on quantity.
Preparedness for a volcanic eruption begins with having a supply of proper breathing masks. The American Lung Association states, “A dust mask with an N-95 rating
As reported from dailymail.co.uk, the Kirishima eruption is the largest eruption recorded there since 1959.
Lightning at Kirishima
credit: Reuters
Billowing Ash Plume at Kirishima
credit: AP
Kirishima ash falling from the sky
credit: AP
Dramatic video of the eruption was captured from the air and displayed on fnn-news.com, and can be seen here. It is always amazing to see and realize the tremendous amount of ash that can explode from a volcano – such an incredibly powerful force – making it seem like all the things we do are insignificant in comparison.
Most recent webcam image of Kirishima Volcano
click here for the latest webcam image of Mount Kirishima (sporadic)
snip from www.volcano.si.edu
According to JMA, an eruption from Shinmoe-dake (Shinmoe peak), a stratovolcano of the Kirishima volcano group, on 19 January produced a shock wave that was detected 12 km NE and an ash plume that drifted SE. Ashfall up to 5 mm thick was reported in Miyakonojo (30 km SE); ashfall was also reported as far as Nichinan City (60 km SE). An eruption on 22 January ejected material 200 m above the vent. Based on reports from JMA and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.
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